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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">5. Using Python on a Mac</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-and-installing-macpython">5.1. Getting and Installing MacPython</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-run-a-python-script">5.1.1. How to run a Python script</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-scripts-with-a-gui">5.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuration">5.1.3. Configuration</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-ide">5.2. The IDE</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-additional-python-packages">5.3. Installing Additional Python Packages</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gui-programming-on-the-mac">5.4. GUI Programming on the Mac</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac">5.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-resources">5.6. Other Resources</a></li>
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<section id="using-python-on-a-mac">
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<span id="using-on-mac"></span><h1><span class="section-number">5. </span>Using Python on a Mac<a class="headerlink" href="#using-python-on-a-mac" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<dl class="field-list simple">
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<dt class="field-odd">Author</dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><p>Bob Savage <<a class="reference external" href="mailto:bobsavage%40mac.com">bobsavage<span>@</span>mac<span>.</span>com</a>></p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>Python on a Mac running macOS is in principle very similar to Python on
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any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such as
|
||
the IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.</p>
|
||
<section id="getting-and-installing-macpython">
|
||
<span id="getting-osx"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.1. </span>Getting and Installing MacPython<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-and-installing-macpython" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>macOS used to come with Python 2.7 pre-installed between versions
|
||
10.8 and <a class="reference external" href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos-release-notes/macos-12_3-release-notes#Python">12.3</a>.
|
||
You are invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the Python
|
||
website (<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org">https://www.python.org</a>). A current “universal binary” build of Python,
|
||
which runs natively on the Mac’s new Intel and legacy PPC CPU’s, is available
|
||
there.</p>
|
||
<p>What you get after installing is a number of things:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>A <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Python</span> <span class="pre">3.12</span></code> folder in your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Applications</span></code> folder. In here
|
||
you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of official
|
||
Python distributions; and PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Python
|
||
scripts from the Finder.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>A framework <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework</span></code>, which includes the
|
||
Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shell
|
||
path. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. A
|
||
symlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in
|
||
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework</span></code> and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/bin/python</span></code>,
|
||
respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they are
|
||
Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember that
|
||
if you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will have
|
||
two different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it will
|
||
be important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.</p>
|
||
<p>IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If you
|
||
are completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introduction
|
||
in that document.</p>
|
||
<p>If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read the
|
||
section on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.</p>
|
||
<section id="how-to-run-a-python-script">
|
||
<h3><span class="section-number">5.1.1. </span>How to run a Python script<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-run-a-python-script" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Your best way to get started with Python on macOS is through the IDLE
|
||
integrated development environment, see section <a class="reference internal" href="#ide"><span class="std std-ref">The IDE</span></a> and use the Help menu
|
||
when the IDE is running.</p>
|
||
<p>If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or from
|
||
the Finder you first need an editor to create your script. macOS comes with a
|
||
number of standard Unix command line editors, <strong class="program">vim</strong> and
|
||
<strong class="program">emacs</strong> among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,
|
||
<strong class="program">BBEdit</strong> or <strong class="program">TextWrangler</strong> from Bare Bones Software (see
|
||
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html">http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html</a>) are good choices, as is
|
||
<strong class="program">TextMate</strong> (see <a class="reference external" href="https://macromates.com/">https://macromates.com/</a>). Other editors include
|
||
<strong class="program">Gvim</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://macvim.org/macvim/">https://macvim.org/macvim/</a>) and <strong class="program">Aquamacs</strong>
|
||
(<a class="reference external" href="http://aquamacs.org/">http://aquamacs.org/</a>).</p>
|
||
<p>To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
|
||
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/bin</span></code> is in your shell search path.</p>
|
||
<p>To run your script from the Finder you have two options:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>Drag it to <strong class="program">PythonLauncher</strong></p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Select <strong class="program">PythonLauncher</strong> as the default application to open your
|
||
script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.
|
||
<strong class="program">PythonLauncher</strong> has various preferences to control how your script is
|
||
launched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use
|
||
its Preferences menu to change things globally.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="running-scripts-with-a-gui">
|
||
<span id="osx-gui-scripts"></span><h3><span class="section-number">5.1.2. </span>Running scripts with a GUI<a class="headerlink" href="#running-scripts-with-a-gui" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>With older versions of Python, there is one macOS quirk that you need to be
|
||
aware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,
|
||
anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use <strong class="program">pythonw</strong>
|
||
instead of <strong class="program">python</strong> to start such scripts.</p>
|
||
<p>With Python 3.9, you can use either <strong class="program">python</strong> or <strong class="program">pythonw</strong>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="configuration">
|
||
<h3><span class="section-number">5.1.3. </span>Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Python on macOS honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
|
||
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a>, but setting these variables for programs started from the
|
||
Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.profile</span></code> or
|
||
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.cshrc</span></code> at startup. You need to create a file
|
||
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/.MacOSX/environment.plist</span></code>. See Apple’s Technical Document QA1067 for
|
||
details.</p>
|
||
<p>For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see section
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#mac-package-manager"><span class="std std-ref">Installing Additional Python Packages</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="the-ide">
|
||
<span id="ide"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.2. </span>The IDE<a class="headerlink" href="#the-ide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
|
||
introduction to using IDLE can be found at
|
||
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html">http://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html</a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="installing-additional-python-packages">
|
||
<span id="mac-package-manager"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.3. </span>Installing Additional Python Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-additional-python-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>This section has moved to the <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/installing-packages/">Python Packaging User Guide</a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="gui-programming-on-the-mac">
|
||
<h2><span class="section-number">5.4. </span>GUI Programming on the Mac<a class="headerlink" href="#gui-programming-on-the-mac" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.</p>
|
||
<p><em>PyObjC</em> is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which is
|
||
the foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC is
|
||
available from <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/">https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>The standard Python GUI toolkit is <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a>, based on the cross-platform
|
||
Tk toolkit (<a class="reference external" href="https://www.tcl.tk">https://www.tcl.tk</a>). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with
|
||
macOS by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed from
|
||
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.activestate.com">https://www.activestate.com</a>; it can also be built from source.</p>
|
||
<p><em>wxPython</em> is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on
|
||
macOS. Packages and documentation are available from <a class="reference external" href="https://www.wxpython.org">https://www.wxpython.org</a>.</p>
|
||
<p><em>PyQt</em> is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on
|
||
macOS. More information can be found at
|
||
<a class="reference external" href="https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro">https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro</a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac">
|
||
<h2><span class="section-number">5.5. </span>Distributing Python Applications on the Mac<a class="headerlink" href="#distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac is
|
||
<strong class="program">py2app</strong>. More information on installing and using py2app can be found
|
||
at <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/py2app/">https://pypi.org/project/py2app/</a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="other-resources">
|
||
<h2><span class="section-number">5.6. </span>Other Resources<a class="headerlink" href="#other-resources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users and
|
||
developers on the Mac:</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/">https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/</a></p>
|
||
<p>Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki:</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython">https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython</a></p>
|
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|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-run-a-python-script">5.1.1. How to run a Python script</a></li>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-scripts-with-a-gui">5.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI</a></li>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuration">5.1.3. Configuration</a></li>
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|
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|
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|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gui-programming-on-the-mac">5.4. GUI Programming on the Mac</a></li>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac">5.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac</a></li>
|
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