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<section id="generic-operating-system-services">
<span id="allos"></span><h1>Generic Operating System Services<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-operating-system-services" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system
features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and
a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces,
but they are available on most other systems as well. Heres an overview:</p>
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